- Element of
- Fonts and Web Typography
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<b> HTML Tagdo? - The <b> element is used to draw attention to enclosed text without implying any added importance or emphasis. Text surrounded by <b> tags is displayed with a bold typeface.
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- inline
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- textual
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<b> vs. <strong>
HTML5 has placed on a strong emphasis on semantic markup, or markup which conveys meaning. The opposite of semantic markup is presentational markup — markup which affects how content is displayed but otherwise carries no particular meaning. Because of this emphasis, the <strong> element is usually preferred over the <b> element when used to strongly emphasize portions of text within a document. However, there are cases when the <strong> element (or another element such as <em> or <mark>) is not semantically appropriate, and the <b> element is the best option.
Babies R Us
Browser Support for b
| Designed by | Ken Thompson |
|---|---|
| Developer | Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie |
| First appeared | 1969; 50 years ago[1] |
| Typing discipline | typeless (everything is a word) |
| Filename extensions | .b |
| Influenced by | |
| BCPL, PL/I | |
| Influenced | |
| C | |
B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969. It is the work of Ken Thompson with Dennis Ritchie.
B was derived from BCPL, and its name may be a contraction of BCPL. Thompson's coworker Dennis Ritchie speculated that the name might be based on Bon, an earlier, but unrelated, programming language that Thompson designed for use on Multics.[note 1]
B was designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine-independent applications, such as system and language software.[3] It was a typeless language, with the only data type being the underlying machine's natural memory word format, whatever that might be. Depending on the context, the word was treated either as an integer or a memory address.
As machines with ASCII processing became common, notably the DEC PDP-11 that arrived at Bell, support for character data stuffed in memory words became important. The typeless nature of the language was seen as a disadvantage, which led Thompson and Ritchie to develop an expanded version of the language supporting new internal and user-defined types, which became the C programming language.
History[edit]
Circa 1969, Ken Thompson[2] and later Dennis Ritchie[3] developed B basing it mainly on the BCPL language Thompson used in the Multics project. B was essentially the BCPL system stripped of any component Thompson felt he could do without in order to make it fit within the memory capacity of the minicomputers of the time. The BCPL to B transition also included changes made to suit Thompson's preferences (mostly along the lines of reducing the number of non-whitespace characters in a typical program).[2] Much of the typical ALGOL-like syntax of BCPL was rather heavily changed in this process. The assignment operator := reverted to the = of Rutishauser's Superplan (the source of ALGOL 58's :=), and the equality operator = was replaced by .
Thompson invented arithmetic assignment operators for B, using x =+ y to add y to x (in C the operator is written +=). B also introduced the increment and decrement operators (++ and --). Their prefix or postfix position determines whether the value is taken before or after alteration of the operand. These innovations were not in the earliest versions of B. According to Dennis Ritchie, people often assumed that they were created for the auto-increment and auto-decrement address modes of the DECPDP-11, but this is historically impossible as the machine didn't exist when B was developed.[2]
Cat engine serial number lookup for build sheet. B is typeless, or more precisely has one data type: the computer word. Most operators (e.g. +, -, *, /) treated this as an integer, but others treated it as a memory address to be dereferenced. In many other ways it looked a lot like an early version of C. There are a few library functions, including some that vaguely resemble functions from the standard I/O library in C.[3]
Early implementations were for the DEC PDP-7 and PDP-11 minicomputers using early Unix, and HoneywellGE 645[4] 36-bit mainframes running the operating system GCOS. The earliest PDP-7 implementations compiled to threaded code, and Ritchie wrote a compiler using TMG which produced machine code.[5][6][7] In 1970 a PDP-11 was acquired and threaded code was used for the port; an assembler, dc, and the B language itself were written in B to bootstrap the computer. An early version of yacc was produced with this PDP-11 configuration. Ritchie took over maintenance during this period.[2][7]
The typeless nature of B made sense on the Honeywell, PDP-7 and many older computers, but was a problem on the PDP-11 because it was difficult to elegantly access the character data type that the PDP-11 and most modern computers fully support. Starting in 1971 Ritchie made changes to the language while converting its compiler to produce machine code, most notably adding data typing for variables. During 1971 and 1972 B evolved into 'New B' (NB) and then C.[2]
B is almost extinct, having been superseded by the C language.[8] However, it continues to see use on GCOS mainframes (as of 2014)[9] and on certain embedded systems (as of 2000) for a variety of reasons: limited hardware in small systems, extensive libraries, tooling, licensing cost issues, and simply being good enough for the job.[8] The highly influential AberMUD was originally written in B.
Examples[edit]
The following examples are from the Users' Reference to B by Ken Thompson:[3]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^'Its name most probably represents a contraction of BCPL, though an alternate theory holds that it derives from Bon [Thompson 69], an unrelated language created by Thompson during the Multics days. Bon in turn was named either after his wife Bonnie or (according to an encyclopedia quotation in its manual), after a religion whose rituals involve the murmuring of magic formulas.'[2]
References[edit]
- ^'B - computer programming language'.
- ^ abcdefRitchie, Dennis M. (March 1993). 'The Development of the C Language'. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580.
- ^ abcdThompson, Ken (7 January 1972). 'Users' Reference to B'(PDF). Bell Laboratories. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^Ritchie, Dennis M. (1984). 'The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System'. AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6 Part 2): 1577–1593. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015.
- ^'TMG'. multicians.org.
- ^Ritchie, Dennis M.'The Development of the C Language'. Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015.
- ^ abMcIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
- ^ abJohnson and Kernighan. 'THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE B'. Bell Laboratories. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^'Thinkage UW Tools Package'. Thinkage, Ltd. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
External links[edit]
- The Development of the C Language, Dennis M. Ritchie. Puts B in the context of BCPL and C.
- Users' Reference to B, Ken Thompson. Describes the PDP-11 version.
- The Programming Language B, S. C. Johnson & B. W. Kernighan, Technical Report CS TR 8, Bell Labs (January 1973). The GCOS version on Honeywell equipment.
- B Language Reference Manual, Thinkage Ltd. The production version of the language as used on GCOS, including language and runtime library.